Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

CiteULike is a free service for managing and discovering scholarly references - click here to get started.

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
Advances in Dental Research
This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Henningfield, J.E.
Right arrow Articles by Tomar, S.L.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Henningfield, J.E.
Right arrow Articles by Tomar, S.L.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?
Adv Dent Res 11:330-335, September, 1997
© 1997 SAGE Publications

Smokeless Tobacco: an Addicting Drug

J.E. Henningfield

Clinical Pharmacology Research Branch Intramural Research Program National Institute on Drug Abuse Addiction Research Center PO Box 5180 Baltimore, Maryland 21224

R.V. Fant

Clinical Pharmacology Research Branch Intramural Research Program National Institute on Drug Abuse Addiction Research Center PO Box 5180 Baltimore, Maryland 21224

S.L. Tomar

Epidemiology Branch Office on Smoking and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

In 1986, the Surgeon General concluded that smokeless tobacco is an addictive drug sharing many qualities with other drugs of abuse such as morphine and cocaine. Smokeless tobacco can be used to deliver psycho-active and dependence-producing levels of nicotine. Tolerance develops with repeated use, causing the user to increase nicotine dosing through increased use and/or switching to products with higher nicotine yields. Clinical signs of nicotine withdrawal develop upon cessation of use. Recent data show that smokeless tobacco products vary widely in their nicotine dosing capabilities. Low-dose products tend to be those commonly marketed toward, and used by, young people without previous smokeless tobacco experience. Many of these people develop dependence and switch to high-dose products. The present article discusses each of these qualities of smokeless tobacco in greater detail. The article also discusses qualities of smokeless tobacco that make it an effective nicotine delivery device that leads to addiction.

Key Words: Tobacco • dependence • addiction • tolerance • withdrawal • starter products • graduation.

Advances in Dental Research, Vol. 11, No. 3, 330-335 (1997)
DOI: 10.1177/08959374970110030401
Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Scand J Public HealthHome page
G. Lundqvist, H. Sandstrom, A. Ohman, and L. Weinehall
Patterns of tobacco use: A 10-year follow-up study of smoking and snus habits in a middle-aged Swedish population
Scand J Public Health, March 1, 2009; 37(2): 161 - 167.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Tobacco ControlHome page
J E Henningfield, E T Moolchan, and M Zeller
Regulatory strategies to reduce tobacco addiction in youth
Tob. Control, June 1, 2003; 12(90001): i14 - 24.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Tobacco ControlHome page
R. V Fant, J. E Henningfield, R. A Nelson, and W. B Pickworth
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of moist snuff in humans
Tob. Control, December 1, 1999; 8(4): 387 - 392.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 ADRHome page
N.L. Benowitz
Systemic Absorption and Effects of Nicotine From Smokeless Tobacco
Advances in Dental Research, September 1, 1997; 11(3): 336 - 341.
[Abstract] [PDF]